Can Ovarian Cysts Cause Infertility?

Ovarian cysts, as the name suggests, are cysts found on ovaries. They are usually harmless and, therefore, are not cause for concern. However, they can sometimes cause symptoms that require medical intervention. One major cause of concern is if having ovarian cysts makes you infertile. In this article, we shall look at what ovarian cysts are, what causes them, how one can tell if they have them, and what to do if you have them.

What is an Ovarian Cyst?

An ovarian cyst is a small fluid-filled sac that forms on the ovary. They are usually harmless and often they go away on their own. A person with ovarian cysts may not even be aware of them because they typically do not cause any symptoms.

The presence of ovarian cysts, however, may be indicative of other underlying conditions. Occasionally, they may grow large enough to become problematic. At times they could rupture, requiring medical attention.

Types of Ovarian Cysts

In order to understand cysts, it is of benefit to understand what goes on in and around the ovaries. During an individual’s reproductive years, the ovaries, each in turn, release eggs. These either get fertilized for pregnancy or are released during the monthly period.

The eggs are stored in the ovary and develop within fluid-filled sacs called follicles. Each month, one of these developing eggs matures and is released from its sac. If these sacs continue to grow after the eggs within have been released, or the ovary does not release an egg, a cyst forms.

There are two categories in which ovarian cysts are generally classified. It is important to note that each type of cyst is caused by different factors, therefore understanding these differences when discussing the symptoms, treatment and side effects with your healthcare provider.

Functional Cysts

Functional cysts are the more common type and often resolve on their own. An individual may not know they have an ovarian cyst unless they get some diagnostic imaging that reveals the cyst before it clears up.

Non-Functional Cysts

The second category, non-functional cysts, may require medical intervention and could point to other medical issues. Non-functional cysts include:

• Cystadenomas - Ovarian cystadenomas typically are benign tumors filled with a clear, mucus-like liquid. According to researched medical literature they are also common and carry an excellent prognosis. Meaning that they are easily removed through surgery in the event that any complications arise.

• Endometriomas - These form as a result of a condition known as endometriosis. Endometrial tissue growing outside the uterus tends to be brownish in color. Endometriomas are thus sometimes called “chocolate cysts” and occur in more advanced cases of endometriosis. 

Endometriomas are an indication of other complications stemming from the disease. Although endometriosis itself has no cure, there are medication-based and surgical interventions available to deal with the symptoms and minimize their impact.

• Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) - With PCOS, the cysts that form on the ovaries are very many. Often, these may not need removal, but there are other symptoms that would cause an individual with PCOS further issues. The symptoms include acne, weight gain, excess body hair or baldness, as well as infertility. PCOS, like endometriosis, can be treated with medication-based interventions despite having no cure.

Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts are unpleasant, and symptoms can present when they grow too large or rupture. Some indicators of a large or ruptured cyst include bloating, pressure or heaviness in the abdomen, intermittent pelvic pain, and a dull or sharp pain below the belly button.

Endometriosis and PCOS present their own symptoms, which include, but are not limited to, pain during sex or urination, acne, changes in texture or quantity of bodily hair, and menstrual irregularities.

If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, particularly if they are paired with the symptoms of ovarian cysts, contact your healthcare provider right away to discuss the best course of action regarding diagnosis and treatment.

Does Having Ovarian Cysts Make You Infertile?

Many ovarian cysts, on their own, do not cause infertility. However, some conditions present symptoms of ovarian cysts as well as infertility. This is often an indicator of an overarching problem.

In individuals with endometriosis or PCOS, studies have shown an increased likelihood of infertility. However, the connection between these conditions and infertility has still not been fully understood, and further research would be required.

Treating Ovarian Cysts

The treatment of ovarian cysts depends on the type of cyst, the symptoms presented by the cysts, and if there are any underlying conditions. There are several options for treating ovarian cysts. 

Time

The most common treatment for ovarian cysts is time. When a cyst is revealed by an ultrasound, and it does not seem to be associated or symptomatic of an overarching issue, many professional healthcare providers will recommend waiting it out. After a few months, another ultrasound would be done to check if the cyst has resolved on its own. 

Cystectomy

A cystectomy is a laparoscopic surgery that removes the cyst without harming the ovary on which it developed. This procedure is recommended when a cyst is causing serious symptoms. The procedure is not very invasive and patients can be discharged within 24 hours following the procedure.

Surgery

Surgery may be required in cases where the ovarian cyst has grown particularly large. Surgery is also recommended if there are concerns about the cyst being one likely to cause cancer. In this case, the surgery would remove the ovary in its entirety instead of removing the cyst only.

Oral Contraceptives

Oral contraceptives have been recommended as a preventative measure. Although birth control pills do not eliminate or even shrink existing ovarian cysts, they inhibit ovulation. In this way, they prevent the development of functional cysts.

Summary

Ovarian cysts are small, fluid-filled sacs that form on the ovary and usually they are harmless. Most ovarian cysts resolve on their own, but some can be harmful and require medical intervention. Although they rarely cause complications, ovarian cysts can be an indication of serious disorders.

If you have further questions regarding ovarian cysts or would like to learn more about the conditions that cause them, Ivy Fertility has locations across the country to assist you in matters related to reproductive health. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What causes ovarian cysts?

Ovulation is what causes ovarian cysts to form. Undeveloped or empty follicles can fill with fluid, and cause cysts to form on ovaries. 

Does having ovarian cysts mean I am infertile?

No. Having ovarian cysts is not an indicator of infertility. Infertility is usually the result of medical conditions.

When should I see a doctor because of ovarian cysts?

If you have previously had an ovarian cyst and you experience sudden sharp pain in your abdomen, coupled with fever or vomiting, you must contact your doctor. This could be the sign of a ruptured cyst that requires immediate medical attention.

Can I avoid having ovarian cysts?

It is almost impossible to avoid having ovarian cysts if you are in the reproductive stage of your life. This is because ovulation is the underlying factor that causes ovarian cysts.